Guillain-Barre syndrome following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: Is there a real association?

Background: Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) is the most common cause of acute flaccid paralysis, with an incidence of 0.81-1.89 cases per 100,000. With the SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic, major international vaccination campaigns continue to be carried out to minimize the total burden of the disease. This study aims to report a case series of consecutive GBS patients after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination during the massive campaign in Mexico in 2021. Method(s): A single-center, observational study of consecutive GBS subjects diagnosed by Asbury criteria from January 1 to August 31, 2021. Including GBS-related symptoms on or after six weeks of vaccination record, both first and second doses. Result(s): From a total of 53 GBS patients, eight had a history of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, 87.5% male, the median vaccination-symptom onset and symptom-to-admission time were 15 (IQR 12.75-23.25), and 3.5 (IQR 1.5-8.25), all of them had GBS Disability Scale >=3 at admission. Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP) was the most common electrophysiological variant encountered in this population. All patients received treatment Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG) or Plasma Exchange (PE), 62.5% recovered independent walk at three months follow up. Conclusion(s): The annual incidence of GBS cases associated with vaccination remains lower (0.81 - 1.89 cases / 100,000 persons) than non-vaccinated patients;this should encourage health authorities to continue promoting massive vaccination as benefits outweigh the risks.Copyright © 2021

Serum markers of endothelial dysfunction and invasive mechanical ventilation in COVID-19

Introduction: Sars-Cov-2 infection induces vascular endothelium damage at pulmonary and systemic level. Alterations on immunity response generate inappropriate endothelial activation through pro-inflammatory cytokines release, up-regulated expression of adhesion molecules, leukocyte migration, increased nitric oxide requirements and oxidative stress. Endothelial function is a key feature in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Objective(s): To evaluate circulating markers associated with endothelial activation in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and determine the difference between patients who required invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) and those who did not. Method(s): Cross-sectional study. Subjects with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 and >18 years old were included. Patients who did not require hospitalization were excluded. Serum markers of endothelial function were tested during hospitalization and protein adjustment was performed. Result(s): A total of 390 patients were studied, with an average age of 57+/-13 years old. Patients who required invasive mechanical ventilation had higher prevalence of diabetes (34.53% vs 11.54%;p=0.020), higher serum nitrite levels (0.028 mmol/L [0.094-0.647] vs 0.07 [0.03-0.24];p=0.003), nitrates (0.363mmol/L [0.100- 0.591] vs 0.130[0.003-0.374];p=0.004) and E-selectin (1.00 ng/mg [0.79-1.32] vs 0.84 [0.55-1.09];p=0.019) when compared to non-IMV patients. Higher levels of nitrites adjusted by proteins were associated with an increased risk for IMV (OR 5.59, CI 95 1.15-27.00, p=0.032). Conclusion(s): Patients with increased nitrites and E-selectin levels had worse endothelial dysfunction and a higher risk for IMV during hospitalization.

Impact of endothelial function on the prognosis of COVID19 patients

Introduction: The pathophysiological mechanisms related to the severity of the clinical picture of Sars-Cov-2 infection remain questions that the medical community seeks to resolve and whose knowledge will allow the design of therapeutic strategies. Purpose(s): To evaluate the association between endothelial function and mortality in patients with COVID-19. Material(s) and Method(s): Prospective cohort study. Patients with confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19, who required hospitalization, oxygen saturation <60% and laboratory data of endothelial function markers were included;all those with incomplete data were excluded. Result(s): The age of the population was 57.06 +/- 13.405, 69% were intubated, those who died had poorer ventilatory parameters;peak pressure (30.06 +/- 6.13 vs 24.82 +/- 6.06, p<0.001), Fi02 (57.5 [40 - 80] vs 45 [40 -80], p <0.001) and PaO2/FiO2 calculation (127.84 +/- 50.08 vs 163.36 +/- 45.47, p<0.001). In addition, they had greater laboratory alterations: procalcitonin (0.49 [0.16 - 4] vs. 18 [0.07 - 0.52], p=0.03) and CRP (13.34[7.67 - 19.03] vs 6.69 [2.4 - 15 89], p=0.05), higher levels of clotting times, PT(14.8 [14 - 16.6] vs 14.4 [13.7 -15.6], p=0.5) and INR (1.04 [0.98 - 1.17] vs 1.01 [.95 - 1.1], p=0.05). In blood biometry, higher numbers of leukocytes of (11.3 [8.65 - 14.4] vs. 9.9 [6.7 - 13], p=0.041), neutrophils (8.8 [7.4 - 12.5] vs. 8.1 [4.74 - 11.1], p=0.01) and lower numbers of lymphocytes (. 7 [.40 - 1.1] vs 1.1 [.7 - 1.5], p<0.001) and with significant statistical trend, hemoglobin(11.26 +/- 2.55 vs 12.42 +/- 2.4, p=0.07) compared to surviving subjects. Conclusion(s): Hematological and liver alterations are markers of higher mortality in patients with COVID-19 as an expression of multiorgan disease.

Comprehensive risk management of hydrometeorological disaster: A participatory approach in the metropolitan area of Puerto Vallarta, Mexico

Nowadays, the reduction of disasters demands a multi-hazard and multi-agent approach. For this reason, in this work, participatory action research is carried out to construct a comprehensive risk management agenda. For this research, we studied the case of the metropolitan area of Puerto Vallarta, which repeatedly faces disasters associated with hydrometeorological phenomena. We performed a network and vulnerability progression analysis;and constructed the pressure and release model. The root causes were the scarce incentives to invest in risk prevention, the lack of verification of compliance with environmental regulations, and the elimination of the Fund for Natural Disasters. The central dynamic pressures were the accelerated demographic growth associated with the touristic development, the absence of a metropolitan territory ordering program, the lack of knowledge on the subject among the population, the scarce resources, and the incipient alliances. These pressures cause unsafe conditions characterized by physical, economic, and social fragilities, which interact with hazards like tropical cyclones, strong winds, floods, dengue, and COVID-19, causing disasters. Afterward, we elaborated the agenda for the comprehensive management of hydrometeorological risks;it included 21 main actions distributed in six axes. This agenda incorporates the stages of comprehensive risk management and the four priorities of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. Stakeholders' participation in elaborating the agenda could contribute to its appropriation and implementation in the current regulatory framework. © 2023

In vitro antiviral effect of silver nanoparticles against SARS-CoV-2

Introduction: COVID-19 is an acute respiratory tract disease caused by the emerging coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Although several options for che-moprophylaxis are under development, effective treatment for COVID-19 is not yet available. Objective(s): To investigate the antiviral properties of synthesized silver na-noparticles (AgNPs) against SARS-CoV-2 using in vitro models. Material(s) and Method(s): This work synthesized AgNPs using an electrochemical method and characterized them using physico-chemical techniques (ICP-OES, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy). AgNPs with diameter sizes ranging between 2.6 to 30 nm and an average size of 6.2 nm were obtained by the electrochemical method. The cytotoxic effect and the antiviral activity of prepared AgNPs against SARS-CoV-2 were evaluated in vitro using Vero E6 cells. Cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay in the presence of serial dilutions of AgNPs. The antiviral effect of AgNPs was evaluated before and after the infection of Vero E6 cells by plaque assay. Result(s): Cytotoxic effect was observed at concentrations above 0.07 ppm. AgNPs exhibit a significant reduction of SARS-CoV-2 viral titer after a pre-post treatment strategy with inhibition of 96.5%, 64.13%, and 74.72% at 0.03, 0.017, and 0.008 ppm, respectively. Conclusion(s): Our results suggest that AgNPs could reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication with a low cytotoxic effect. Still, additional in vitro and in vivo studies are required to define its potential therapeutic application in humans. Copyright © 2023 Universidad de Antioquia.

Comparison among plaque assay, tissue culture infectious dose (TCID) 50 and real-time RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 variants quantification

Background and Objectives: SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC) and interest (VOI) pose a significant threat to public health because the rapid change in the SARS-CoV-2 genome can alter viral phenotypes such as virulence, transmissi-bility and the ability to evade the host response. Hence, SARS-CoV-2 quantification techniques are essential for timely diagnosis and follow-up. Besides, they are vital to understanding viral pathogenesis, antiviral evaluation, and vaccine de-velopment. Materials and Methods: Five isolates of SARS-CoV-2: D614G strain (B.1), three VOC (Alpha, Gamma and Delta), and one VOI (Mu) were used to compare three techniques for viral quantification, plaque assay, median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID) and real-time RT-PCR. 50 Results: Plaque assay showed viral titers between 0.15 ± 0.01×107 and 1.95 ± 0.09×107 PFU/mL while viral titer by TCID 50 assay was between 0.71 ± 0.01×106 to 4.94 ± 0.80×106 TCID /mL for the five SARS-CoV-2 isolates. The PFU/mL titer 50 obtained by plaque and the calculated from TCID assays differed by 0.61 log10, 0.59 log10, 0.59 log10 and 0.96 log10 50 for Alfa, Gamma, Delta, and Mu variants (p≤0.0007), respectively. No differences were observed for the D614G strain. Real-time PCR assay exhibited titers ranging from 0.39 ± 0.001×108 to 3.38 ± 0.04×108 RNA copies/µL for all variants. The relation between PFU/mL and RNA copies/mL was 1:29800 for D614G strain, 1:11700 for Alpha, 1:8930 for Gamma, 1:12500 for Delta, and 1:2950 for Mu. Conclusion: TCID assay was comparable to plaque assay for D614G but not for others SARS-CoV-2 variants. Our data 50 demonstrated a correlation among PFU/mL and E gene RNA copies/µL, units of measure commonly used to quantify the viral load in diagnostic and research fields. The results suggest that the proportion of infectious virions in vitro changes de-pending on the SARS-CoV-2 variant, being Mu, the variant reaching a higher viral titer with fewer viral copies.

Guillain-Barre syndrome in Mexico: clinical features and validation of Brighton Collaboration Group criteria. / Síndrome de Guillain-Barré en México: características clínicas y validación de los criterios de Brighton.

INTRODUCTION: As SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is ongoing in Mexico and Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) cases have been reported, validation of Brighton criteria in Mexico is necessary. Moreover, epidemiology of GBS in Mexico differs from European and North American countries. OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical, cerebrospinal and electrodiagnostic features in Mexican patients diagnosed with GBS and classify them according to the Brighton Collaboration Group diagnostic criteria. Patrients and methods. An ambispective cohort study was conducted. We included patients that fulfilled the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) diagnostic criteria for Guillain-Barre syndrome. Patients in this study were classified according to Brighton collaboration group levels of certainty for Guillain-Barre syndrome. RESULTS: Sixty eight percent of patients were male. Of the 248 patients included, 58.4% had history of a precedent infection, mean time from symptom onset to admission was 5 (1-30) days. Mean Medical Research Council sum score 30.3 ± 15.5. Almost 98% of patients had a monophasic course. Level 1 of certainty according to Brighton collaboration group criteria was fulfilled by 54.6% of patients, level 2 by 45% and level 4 by 0.6%. Patients meeting level 2 of certainty were mostly because normal cerebrospinal fluid findings or findings in nerve conduction studies not consistent with any GBS variants. CONCLUSION: GBS is a frequent autoimmune neuropathy that has been associated with preceding infections and with vaccination campaigns. For SARS-CoV-2 vaccination campaign in Mexico, validation of Brighton Criteria is necessary. Although Mexico's GBS epidemiology has been changing throughout recent years, this study provides similar data compared to other countries.

TITLE: Síndrome de Guillain-Barré en México: características clínicas y validación de los criterios de Brighton.Introducción. Dado que la vacunación contra el SARS-CoV-2 está en curso en México y se han notificado casos de Guillain-Barré, es necesaria la validación de los criterios de Brighton en México. La epidemiología de Guillain-Barré en México difiere de la de los países europeos y norteamericanos. Objetivo. Describir las características clínicas, cerebroespinales y electrodiagnósticas en pacientes mexicanos con diagnóstico de Guillain-Barré y clasificarlos según los criterios diagnósticos del Brighton Collaboration Group. Pacientes y métodos. Se realizó un estudio de cohorte ambispectivo. Se incluyó a pacientes que cumplen con los criterios del National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke para el síndrome de Guillain-Barré (SGB). Se clasificó a los pacientes según los niveles de certeza del Brighton Collaboration Group para el SGB. Resultados. El 68% de los pacientes eran hombres. De los 248 pacientes incluidos, el 58,4% tenía antecedentes de infección previa. La media desde el inicio de los síntomas hasta el ingreso fue de 5 (1-30) días, y la puntuación media de la suma del Medical Research Council, de 30,3 ± 15,5. El nivel 1 de certeza según los criterios del Brighton Collaboration Group se cumplió en el 54,6% de los pacientes; el nivel 2, en el 45%; y el nivel 4, en el 0,6%. Los pacientes que alcanzaron el nivel 2 de certeza se debieron principalmente a hallazgos normales en el líquido cefalorraquídeo o a hallazgos en estudios de neuroconducción que no cumplen los criterios de ninguna variante de SGB. Conclusión. El SGB es una neuropatía autoinmune frecuente que se ha asociado con infecciones previas y con campañas de vacunación. Para la campaña de vacunación contra el SARS-CoV-2 en México es necesaria la validación de los criterios de Brighton. Aunque la epidemiología del SGB en México ha ido cambiando a lo largo de los últimos años, este estudio proporciona datos similares en comparación con otros países.

Experience of a Private Hospital in the Treatment of COVID-19 Pneumonia in Veracruz, Mexico

Background. Large mortality rates have been reported in the Mexican public health system, however in the experiences of private hospitals that have resources and infrastructure this is lower compared to the national average. Methods. Descriptive and retrospective study. Adult patients treated for pneumonia due COVID-19 from April to December 2020 are entered into the study. Its general characteristics such as gender and age, comorbidities, influenza vaccination history, clinical characterization, laboratory and tomographic diagnosis of sars cov2 pneumonia are studied, as well as the drug and oxygen therapy treatments received and finally, its evolution and clinical outcome. Results. 132 patients were studied, of which 51% were female. The main age groups affected were 65 and over (43.9%), 50-59 years (20.4%) and 25-44 years (16.6%). The main comorbidities found were: arterial hypertension (43.9%), Diabetes mellitus 2 (33.3%), heart disease (11.3%) and obesity (10.6%). 95.4% of the patients were not vaccinated against influenza. The main symptoms reported were: fever (92%), cough (87%), dyspnea (76%) and headache (52%). The diagnosis was confirmed with RT-PCR in 63%, reporting negative RT-PCR in 36%;the antigen test was positive in 1%. Regarding the findings of the chest computed tomography, CORADS 5 was reported in 30%, CORADS 6 in 3% and CORADS 4 in 20%. The main treatments used in patients with severe inflammatory pneumonia were: steroids (98%), enoxaparin (100%), tocilizumab (20%), baricitinib (60%), direct oral anticoagulants (10%), fibroquel (5%). 60% were treated with a combination of two or more drugs. The main oxygenation contributions were: 20% nasal tips - mask/reservoir, 60% high flow nasal cannula, 20% mechanical ventilation. In 95% the prone position was indicated. Regarding the clinical evolution, 65.1% were towards improvement, 17.4% died, 12.1% requested transfer to another unit and 5.3% requested voluntary discharge. Overall mortality was 17%. Conclusion. A hospital strategy that has the necessary resources and infrastructure as well as openness to the use of medication with emergency approvals for its use or off-label indications, can help limit morbidity and mortality in vulnerable populations and manifest risk factors such as Mexican population.

Guillain-Barre syndrome during COVID-19 pandemic: experience from a referral healthcare center in Mexico. / Síndrome de Guillain-Barré durante la pandemia de COVID-19: experiencia de un centro de referencia en México.

INTRODUCTION: To describe clinical characteristics and electrophysiological variants of GBS cases during the pandemic, we carried out a comparative analysis between SARS-CoV2 related GBS and non-SARS-CoV2 patients and then compared to the 2019 cases. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We carried out a cross-sectional study of GBS patients diagnosed according to Asbury and Cornblath criteria. We collected information on clinical and paraclinical variables. We defined a SARS-CoV-2 related GBS case according to the description of Ellul et al. We used Hadden criteria to classify the electrophysiological variants. We performed a comparative analysis between groups. RESULTS: Fourty-two patients were diagnosed with GBS in 2020, men 64.2%, age 46 ± 17.4 years, patients with obesity/overweight 42.8%, previous diarrhea 31%, history of respiratory tract infection 14.2%. Guillain Barre Disability Scale = 3 points 71.4% and, cranial nerve involvement 69%. The most frequent electrophysiological variant was acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP) 53.5%. Seven (16.6%) cases were SARS-CoV2 related, four men, age 43.4 ± 13.4 years. When comparing patients with GBS in 2020 vs patients in 2019, we observed a decrease in the previous infection history during 2020 (45.2% vs 73.3%, p-value = 0.005) and a decrease in previous respiratory infection (14.2% vs 33.3%, p = 0.045), as well as a higher frequency of cranial nerve involvement, and albuminocytologic dissociation. CONCLUSIONS: SARS-CoV2 virus infection preventive measures may be impacting the presentation of post-infectious diseases such as GBS. We did not observe an increase in GBS cases during 2020. Also, the AIDP variant were more frequent in our population in the COVID-19 pandemic.

TITLE: Síndrome de Guillain-Barré durante la pandemia de COVID-19: experiencia de un centro de referencia en México.Introducción. Se trata de describir las características clínicas y variantes electrofisiológicas de los casos de síndrome de Guillain-Barré (SGB) durante la pandemia. Llevamos a cabo un análisis comparativo entre pacientes con SGB relacionado con el SARS-CoV-2 y sin antecedente del virus, y posteriormente realizamos una comparación con los casos de 2019. Pacientes y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal de los pacientes con diagnóstico de SGB según los criterios de Asbury y Cornblath. Se recolectaron información clínica y variables paraclínicas. Definimos el SGB relacionado con el SARS-CoV-2 conforme a la descripción de Ellul et al. Se utilizaron los criterios de Hadden para la clasificación de las variantes electrofisiológicas. Por último, realizamos un análisis comparativo entre grupos. Resultados. Se diagnosticó a 42 pacientes con SGB en 2020, un 64,2% hombres, con una edad de 46 ± 17,4 años, un 42,8% con obesidad/sobrepeso, un 31% con historia de diarrea previa y un 14,2% con infección respiratoria previa. El 71,4% tuvo una puntuación en la Guillain-Barré Disability Score igual o mayor que 3 puntos y el 69% tenía afectados los nervios del cráneo. La variante electrofisiológica más común fue la polirradiculoneuropatía desmielinizante inflamatoria aguda (PDIA; 53,5%). Siete (16,6%) casos tuvieron relación con el SARS-CoV-2, cuatro hombres, con edad de 43,4 ± 13,4 años. Al realizar la comparación entre pacientes con SGB de 2020 frente a los de 2019, observamos un decremento en el antecedente de infección previa en 2020 (45,2 frente a 73,3%; p = 0,005) y un decremento específico en la historia de infección respiratoria (14,2 frente a 33,3%; p = 0,045), así como una mayor frecuencia de afectación de los nervios del cráneo y de disociación albuminocitológica. Conclusiones. Las maniobras preventivas para la infección por el SARS-CoV-2 impactan directamente en la presentación de enfermedades postinfecciosas como el SGB. No observamos un incremento en los casos de SGB durante 2020. Asimismo, la variante de PDIA fue la más frecuente en nuestra población durante la pandemia de COVID-19.

Guillain-Barré Syndrome following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: is there a real association?

Background Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) is the most common cause of acute flaccid paralysis, with an incidence of 0.81-1.89 cases per 100,000. With the SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic, major international vaccination campaigns continue to be carried out to minimize the total burden of the disease. This study aims to report a case series of consecutive GBS patients after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination during the massive campaign in Mexico in 2021. Methods A single-center, observational study of consecutive GBS subjects diagnosed by Asbury criteria from January 1 to August 31, 2021. Including GBS-related symptoms on or after six weeks of vaccination record, both first and second doses. Results From a total of 53 GBS patients, eight had a history of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, 87.5% male, the median vaccination-symptom onset and symptom-to-admission time were 15 (IQR 12.75-23.25), and 3.5 (IQR 1.5-8.25), all of them had GBS Disability Scale ≥3 at admission. Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP) was the most common electrophysiological variant encountered in this population. All patients received treatment Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG) or Plasma Exchange (PE), 62.5% recovered independent walk at three months follow up. Conclusion The annual incidence of GBS cases associated with vaccination remains lower (0.81 - 1.89 cases / 100,000 persons) than non-vaccinated patients;this should encourage health authorities to continue promoting massive vaccination as benefits outweigh the risks.

Remote surveillance system in isolation for Covid-19

Covid-19 pandemic has been the black swan event disrupting our ordinary lives in 2020. All of us have been affected one way or another, although elderly people have been hit the hardest, meaning that they had to live with a certain degree of isolation in order to protect themselves from the disease caused by Sars-CoV-2virus. In this paper, a project for remote monitoring isolated patients is proposed, by implementing a surveillance system which senses different variables related to their own biomedical conditions, the environmental conditions of their homes and some special emergency conditions, and in turn, they are sent over to the cloud, where a monitoring team may get and process them, or otherwise, specific users may have access to them. © 2021 IEEE.

Communicative habitus and social distancing. effects on the modes of sign production during the covid-19 pandemic

In the year 2020, in the context of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, Mexico's government implemented health policies of "social distancing". In this essay, we make a theoretical reflection on this policies' effects on signs' production. The paper begins with our definition of communicational habitus and the semiotic relationship with social distancing to analyze systems' evolutionary control from a systemic-semiotic approach. © 2021 Universidad de Guadalajara. All rights reserved.

Privacy as a human right and solidarity as a constitutional value in the era of Covid-19

The objective of this research article is to approach from an analytical perspective the scope of the human right to privacy, and the impact on the value of solidarity. Based on state measures on the occasion of the emergency of COVID-19, as a public health phenomenon with legal implications, making special relation to the Colombian legal system. For this purpose we will work on two fundamental topics: (i) The right to privacy in Colombia: guarantees under the conceptual margins of the constitutional court. (ii) The value of solidarity under examination: constitutionality of decree 568 of April 15, 2020. In this order as preliminary conclusions, we show that the constitutionality of privacy and solidarity can be endangered from the damage to the guarantees primary as axiological norms, which are under the guardianship and protective ownership of the central executive power, against the declaration of the State of economic, social and ecological emergency, enshrined in article 215 of our Basic Law.

Chemical properties of polyphenols: a review focused on anti-inflammatory and anti-viral medical application

Polyphenols are attributed to multiple biological activities that provide nutritional and therapeutical benefits. The present paper is a descriptive review focused on polyphenolic chemical structural aspects contributing to explain biological and biochemical functions offered by these phytochemicals. Element conformation differences, ring modifications, the presence of specific functional groups, and the tridimensional chemical arrangement are fundamental to explain specific effects presented by polyphenols. The anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory actions of poly phenols suggest that basic chemical reactions and elemen re-organization are important in understanding their function, well-known polyphenols such as quercetin, curcumin, and catechin have been evaluated in multiple studies. Moreover, anti-bacterial and anti-viral activities have been proven to be dependent on hydroxylation, methoxylation, and alkylation of several polyphenol ring components. Polyphenols extracted from tea, like catechins, proved to inhibit efficiently hepatitis C, Zika, and Chikungunya viruses. They have also acted as promising prophylactic and therapeutic agents against SARS-CoV-2. Epicatechin extracted from the hawthorn tree showed antiviral activity on several bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. The inclusion of these natural components in daily diets is of primary nutritional benefit and importance in the prevention of several diseases.